- OceanGate said all five passengers on board the Titan submersible have "sadly been lost" in a statement to Newsweek, after days of an extensive search spanning a vast area of ocean.
- The U.S. Coast Guard says the Titan suffered a "catastrophic implosion." Search efforts revealed pieces of debris discovered about 1,600 feet away from the Titanic's wreckage.
- Who was on board: Pilot Stockton Rush, the 61-year-old chief executive of the company behind the mission, 58-year-old British businessman and explorer Hamish Harding; 77-year-old French maritime expert Paul-Henri Nargeolet; British-Pakistani billionaire Shahzada Dawood, 48; and his 19-year-old son Suleman Dawood.
- The submersible went missing on Sunday as the group headed to explore the Titanic's wreckage, sitting at around 12,500 feet below sea level.
Live updates have ended.
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- U.S. Coast Guard faces questions over failure to rescue Titanic sub
- Explorer Josh Gates hints at "concerning" problems with Titan submersible
"Banging" Noises Likely Unrelated
There doesn't appear to be "any connection" between noises heard underwater in recent days and the spot where debris from OceanGate's Titan submersible was found, according to the U.S. Coast Guard.
Earlier this week, internal communications reviewed by Rolling Stone indicated an aircraft participating in Titan search efforts reported "banging" sounds in the search area. Coast Guard officials later said the noises continued to be heard on Wednesday. The sounds searchers intercepted raised hopes that Titan's crew might still be alive. Experts say people who get stuck in submersibles like Titan should bang on the side of the vessel in the hope that the noise they make will travel far enough underwater to be picked up by search teams.
Mauger said he would need to check with experts, but that the "banging" noises heard earlier this week did not appear to be consistent with what this kind of implosion would sound like.
"This was a catastrophic implosion of the vessel, which would have generated a significant broadband sound down there," he said.
The debris search teams found suggests the submersible experienced a "catastrophic implosion," according to U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral John Mauger as the five passengers on board are believed dead.
Searchers to Demobilize in Next 24 Hours
Those involved in the search efforts for OceanGate's Titan will begin demobilizing in the next 24 hours now that debris from the missing submersible has been found, according to the U.S. Coast Guard.
Nine vessels were in the search area near Titanic's wreckage site Thursday afternoon. Debris from Titan was found on the ocean floor about 1,600 feet from Titanic's bow, U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral John Mauger said during an afternoon press conference.
The technicians and medical personnel who were on those vessels will soon disperse now that rescue efforts have ended. Mauger said remote efforts to search for additional debris on the ocean floor will continue.
It is "too early" to discuss what resources would be involved in future investigations into what happened to the submersible, which debris suggests experienced a "catastrophic implosion," he told reporters. "That's a decision that's going to be taken outside of the search, and efforts that I was leading."
Coast Guard Expects Review of Safety Standards
U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral John Mauger anticipates the discovery of debris from OceanGate's missing Titan will prompt a review of how submersibles like it are inspected for safety.
"I know that there's a lot of questions about why, how, when this happened, and the members of the Unified Command have those questions, too, as professionals and experts that work in this environment," Mauger, who led the Coast Guard's search efforts, said.
"But those questions about the regulations that apply, and the standards, that's going to be, I'm sure, focus of future review," Mauger said. For now, search teams are focusing on collecting information and documenting evidence, he added.
Debris Consistent With "Catastrophic Implosion"
The U.S. Coast Guard confirmed debris found Thursday is that of the missing Titan submersible, consistent with a "catastrophic implosion" of the vessel.
The debris was located about 1,600 feet away from the wreckage of the Titanic. Coast Guard officials say five major pieces of debris indicated it was the missing sub, including the nose and tail cone.
During a Thursday afternoon press conference, U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral John Mauger said family members of those onboard were "immediately notified."
OceanGate Says Passengers Have "Sadly Been Lost"
OceanGate says the five passengers of the Titan have "sadly been lost."
"We now believe that our CEO Stockton Rush, Shahzada Dawood and his son Suleman Dawood, Hamish Harding, and Paul-Henri Nargeolet, have sadly been lost," the company said in a statement to Newsweek.
The statement continues below:
"These men were true explorers who shared a distinct spirit of adventure, and a deep passion for exploring and protecting the world's oceans. Our hearts are with these five souls and every member of their families during this tragic time. We grieve the loss of life and joy they brought to everyone they knew.
This is an extremely sad time for our dedicated employees who are exhausted and grieving deeply over this loss. The entire OceanGate family is deeply grateful for the countless men and women from multiple organisations of the international community who expedited wide-ranging resources and have worked so very hard on this mission.
We appreciate their commitment to finding these five explorers, and their days and nights of tireless work in support of our crew and their families.
This is a very sad time for the entire explorer community, and for each of the family members of those lost at sea.
We respectfully ask that the privacy of these families be respected during this most painful time."
Pakistan Releases First Comments on Titan
A spokesperson for Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs publicly commented on OceanGate's missing submersible Titan for the first time.
Shahzada Dawood, a Pakistani businessman, was part of the Titan's small crew as it submerged Sunday for an expedition to visit the Titanic wreckage site. Dawood's son was also onboard. The submersible went missing shortly after its voyage began.
During a routine Thursday press conference, the foreign ministry spokesperson said Pakistan's representatives in the U.S. and in Canada are monitoring search and rescue efforts.
"We have confidence that this matter will be pursued effectively by the local authorities," the spokesperson said. "We would not like to speculate on the circ*mstances of this incident and we would also like to respect the wishes of the Dawood family that their privacy may be respected."
The comments were made in response to questions reporters asked about ongoing Titan search efforts. The press conference occurred several hours before the U.S. Coast Guard said a debris field was spotted near the search area.
Company Aiding Search Comments on "Tragic Loss"
Pelagic Research Services (PRS), an ocean services company assisting in efforts to find OceanGate's missing submersible Titan, posted a statement on its website that has since been deleted after one of its remotely operated vehicles (ROV) reportedly found a debris field near the search area.
"PRS want to express our full gratitude for the incredible, coordinated rescue response of everyone involved in this search and rescue mission," the company said in a statement posted on its website. "Our focus right now is on the families of those on the Titan and for their tragic loss."
The same statement was posted on PRS's Twitter and Facebook pages. The posts were also later removed midday Thursday.
A separate post on the company's website said OceanGate reached out to request PRS's help in searching for Titan after the submersible went missing on Sunday.
"Our sincere thoughts, hopes, and prayers are with all the families, friends, and rescue personnel of those affected by this tragedy," the post added.
Sub's "Landing Frame" and "Rear Cover" Reportedly Among Debris
"A landing frame and a rear cover from the submersible" are among debris discovered Thursday in the search area, according to scientist and deep-sea shipwreck hunter David Mearns.
— Sky News (@SkyNews) June 22, 2023Rescue expert David Mearns explains the significance of finding the landing frame and rear cover of the missing submersible.
Latest here: https://t.co/L29qKaj8nR
📺 Sky 501, Virgin 602, Freeview 233 and YouTube pic.twitter.com/YB9JTGuKuy
Mearns, also a friend to passengers on board the Titan, shared the information with Sky News. The update is from his sources, not an official update from the U.S. Coast Guard. Coast Guard officials will provide an update on the findings in about one hour.
Stockton Rush's Wife Linked to Titanic Victims
The wife of OceanGate CEO Stockton Rush has a familial connection to two people who died onboard the Titanic when it sunk in 1912.
Rush was onboard his company's Titan submersible when it went missing on Sunday during an expedition to visit the Titanic wreckage site. According to archival records reviewed by The New York Times, Rush's wife, Wendy, is the great-great-granddaughter of a couple that was onboard the Titanic when it hit an iceberg and sank. Wendy Rush is also listed as OceanGate's communications director on LinkedIn.
Wendy Rush's great-great-grandparents were Isidor and Ida Straus, the paper reported. Isidor Straus co-owned Macy's department store and also served in the U.S. House of Representatives.
The Strauses were traveling first class onboard the Titanic after visiting Germany, where Isidor Straus was born. Though the couple was offered a lifeboat, they refused to get in because younger people were still waiting to find out if there would be enough space, according to the United Kingdom's National Archives.
"Isidor and Ida were last seen together on deck holding hands before a wave swept them both into the sea," the National Archives says in its account of the couple's Titanic journey.
— Historic Vids (@historyinmemes) June 22, 2023The wife of Stockton Rush, the pilot of the missing Titanic tour submarine, is allegedly the great-great-granddaughter of two first-class passengers who died on the Titanic, according to records.
Wendy Rush's great-great-grandparents, Isidor and Ida Straus, were the elderly… pic.twitter.com/7Jgi7rXbxe
Elon Musk Weighs in on Sub's Starlink Ties
Elon Musk responded on Twitter to an article raising questions about ties between OceanGate's missing submersible and Starlink, the satellite internet outfit operated by Musk's company, SpaceX.
An article posted earlier this week by fact-checking website Snopes explored reports that alleged Titan, the submersible that was on an expedition to visit the Titanic wreckage site at the time it disappeared on Sunday, was using Starlink technology. Those reports appear to have been inspired by a June 1 tweet posted by OceanGate, which included a photo of the submersible. "Despite being in the middle of the North Atlantic, we have the internet connection we need to make our #Titanic dive operations a success - thank you @Starlink," the tweet said.
Despite being in the middle of the North Atlantic, we have the internet connection we need to make our #Titanic dive operations a success - thank you @Starlink! pic.twitter.com/sujBmPr3JD
— OceanGate Expeditions (@OceanGateExped) June 1, 2023
Snopes' article ultimately rated the claims that Titan relied on Starlink to communicate with OceanGate teams above the ocean's surface as "false" because the submersible "could not have relied on satellite internet to communicate" while underwater.
After Snopes posted a link to its article on Twitter, the social media platform added a community note providing additional context from readers. Musk later commented on the tweet, writing of Snopes, "You can't even run a good psy op."
You can’t even run a good psy op
— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) June 21, 2023
Snopes' article has since been updated with a note providing additional clarifying information.
Debris Field Located Within Search Area
A debris field has been discovered within the search area near the wreckage of the Titanic, the U.S. Coast Guard Northeast announced.
"Experts within the unified command are evaluating the information," USCG Northeast tweeted, saying the debris was located by Horizon Arctic's remotely operated vehicle. It is unclear if the debris is that of the Titan.
First Coast Guard District commander Rear Adm. John Mauger and First Coast Guard District response coordinator Capt. Jamie Frederick will hold a press briefing to discuss the findings at 3 p.m. ET from Coast Guard Base Boston.
A debris field was discovered within the search area by an ROV near the Titanic. Experts within the unified command are evaluating the information. 1/2
— USCGNortheast (@USCGNortheast) June 22, 2023
Coast Guard "Fully Committed" to Search
U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral John Mauger told Today the Coast Guard remains "fully committed" to finding the Titan.
"We are fully committed to prosecuting the search and rescue effort," Mauger, who is leading search efforts, said when asked if he still is optimistic that the Titan crew will be found. The crew only had 96 hours of oxygen available for their expedition, which suggests they could have run out of their oxygen supply this morning.
Some people, including OceanGate's co-founder, have speculated that OceanGate CEO Stockton Rush would know how to relax himself and his crew to avoid using excess oxygen and extend how long the supply could last. When asked if it's possible the 96-hour estimation might last longer, Mauger said his teams use "all available data and information" while conducting searches like these.
"But we continue to find, in particularly complex cases, that people's will to live really needs to be accounted for, as well," Mauger said. Rescue efforts are ongoing as Coast Guard teams work "really hard" to "bring all available capability to bear on this," he added.
Rear Admiral John Mauger, who is spearheading the Coast Guard’s search for the missing Titanic tourist submersible, speaks if there could be a possibility that the 96-hour supply of oxygen has been extended, the support on the search, and more. pic.twitter.com/l4bncHBWpp
— TODAY (@TODAYshow) June 22, 2023
Image Shows How Deep the Titanic Sub Must Travel
A viral image shows a dramatic scale of how deep the Titan submersible must travel to reach the Titanic's wreckage, which sits at around 12,500 feet below sea level.
For perspective, the Empire State Building would sit around 1,200 feet below the surface. Most submersibles cannot travel 12,000 feet below the surface but OceanGate says the Titan is one of five in the world that can.
This us HOW DEEP that submarine had to go in order to get to the Titanic. Mind boggling how far down they are. Do you guys think they're gonna make it? #MissingSub #submarinemissing #SubmarinoDesaparecido #Titanic #TitanicTour #titanicsub #TitanicRescue pic.twitter.com/l9jLkJXwrb
— DETROIT’S NEXT BIG THING (@JayMeriweather0) June 21, 2023
Sperm whales, for example, can dive about 4,000 feet in search of prey, according to the Ocean Conservancy. That's about three Empire State Buildings stacked down below the waves and still only a fraction of the way down to the wreckage.
The depth is just one of the issues creating a complicated rescue operation. The search area itself is very vast; the Coast Guard described it as "two times the size of Connecticut."
Read more
- Image showing how deep Titanic sub had to travel goes viral—"Mind-boggling"
OceanGate Co-Founder Remains Hopeful
OceanGate co-founder Guillermo Söhnlein said he is still hopeful that efforts to find the missing submersible will be successful.
"I continue to hold out hope for my friend and the rest of the crew," Söhnlein said in a statement provided to CNN. "I would encourage everyone to remain hopeful for getting the crew back safely."
Experts have said the crew likely ran out of oxygen by 8 a.m. ET this morning, based on the time the submersible began its underwater excursion on Sunday. But Söhnlein, who told CNN he was speaking on his own and not on behalf of OceanGate, said the crew's experience likely impacted their behavior onboard the submersible once they realized they could not make contact with anyone above water and thus had a limited oxygen supply.
Söhnlein said the crew would have known "days ago" that "the best thing they can do to ensure their rescue is to extend the limits of those supplies by relaxing as much as possible." With that strategy in mind, Söhnlein said the rescue "window" could extend beyond the initial 8 a.m. ET projection. Today will be "a critical day" for rescue efforts, he added.
Glasgow College Student Among Five Trapped
The young man onboard the submersible is a student at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland, school officials told the BBC Scotland.
Suleman Dawood, 19, and his father Shahzada are among the five people trapped on board.
"We are deeply concerned about Suleman, his father and the others involved in this incident," a University of Strathclyde spokesperson said. "Our thoughts are with their families and loved ones and we continue to hope for a positive outcome."
Discovery Show Host Passed on Titan Sub Trip to Titanic
Josh Gates, the host of the Discovery show Expedition: Unknown spoke about his decision to scrap a trip on the Titan submersible in 2021.
"We had issues with thruster control," Gates said while appearing on ABC's Today show. "We had issues with the computers aboard, we had issues with comms. I just felt as though the sub needed more time, and it needed more more testing, frankly."
On Sunday, the Titan submersible, operated by OceanGate Expeditions, went missing while traveling to the Titanic wreckage in the Atlantic Ocean. Officials with the U.S. Coast Guard are actively searching for the vessel but it is believed that breathable oxygen levels are slowly dwindling.
During his conversation with the Today show, Gates explained that he and his Expedition: Discovery crew went on the Titan submersible for a short period of time but did not venture all the way to the wreckage of the Titanic, which is at much deeper depths.
"I have to say there are aspects of the sub's design that are incredibly impressive...There were also aspects of it that frankly just seemed like they needed more time or more work," Gates said.
Coast Guard Reports Good Search Conditions
The U.S. Coast Guard Northeast provided a weather update on Thursday as crews continue to search for the missing Titan submersible near the wreckage of the RMS Titanic.
"Weather on scene: winds at 14 mph with gusts up to 19mph. Sea state is 4-5ft swells with an air temp of 50°f," the U.S. Coast Guard Northeast said in a tweet.
Weather on scene: winds at 14 mph with gusts up to 19mph. Sea state is 4-5ft swells with an air temp of 50°f. #Titanic
— USCGNortheast (@USCGNortheast) June 22, 2023
As of Thursday morning, the Titan submersible remains missing and its exact location is unknown. Crews are continuing to search a large area, with the U.S. Coast Guard saying on Wednesday that "the surface search is now approximately two times the size of Connecticut and the subsurface search is up to two and a half miles deep."
According to AccuWeather meteorologists, the weather on Thursday in the search area is "near-optimal" conditions.
British Military Jet, Submariner to Join Search
A British military jet is will this afternoon depart for Canada following a request from the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.K. government has said.
Royal Air Force C-17 transport aircraft will bring ancillary equipment, likely cabling, on board.
A Royal Navy submariner will also help the search operation for the missing sub. Lieutenant Commander Richard Kantharia has "significant knowledge of submarine warfare and dived operations," Downing Street said.
Rear Admiral: Search Will Continue
Search and rescue efforts are "going to continue" Thursday, the U.S. Coast Guard has said, despite fears over oxygen levels.
Rear Adm. John W. Mauger told Today a little earlier: "We use all available data and information to prosecute those searches but we continue to find particularly in complex cases that peoples' will to live really needs to be accounted for as well."
— TODAY (@TODAYshow) June 22, 2023Rear Adm. John Mauger of the U.S. Coast Guard speaks to TODAY about the latest efforts to rescue the five people on board the missing submersible Titan as it runs low on oxygen.
“People’s will to live really needs to be accounted for, as well,” he says. pic.twitter.com/6FJ3w1Z0Ty
The five people on board the missing sub, Titan, were estimated to have run out of oxygen about 8 a.m. ET. Officials stress that time is no more than an estimate.
Inside Missing 'Titanic' Sub
Titan, the missing sub, is made of carbon fiber and titanium, measures about 21 feet by 9.2 feet by 8.3 feet. It can travel at a speed of 3 knots and can provide oxygen for a total of 96 hours for five passengers and crew.
The interior appears similar in size to a van, although its owner, OceanGate, describes it as "roomy compared with traditional deep diving submersibles," adding that "crew members have ample space to work together to document the Titanic wreck site."
Once inside, crew members can only leave after the bolts applied on its surface are opened by someone on the outside.
More here.
Oxygen Supply Has Run Out, According to Predictions. Search continues
Air supply on the missing Titan sub is likely to have run out or to have nearly done so, according U.S. Coast Guard estimates.
The Coast Guard says it is still focused on finding the sub and its crew.
The oxygen estimate is based on the crew members having 96 hours of oxygen when they dived at about 9 a.m. local time Sunday.
However, air supply could have run out more rapidly due to a myriad of factors.
Notably due to the high-stress situation, those aboard could have been breathing more rapidly, using up air faster, according to a National World report.
If the Titan lost power, the submersible could prove to be very cold, resulting on the passengers shivering, which forces the body to use up oxygen more quickly.
Oxygen can be conserved through meditating, sleeping and controlled breathing.
"One of the factors that makes it hard to predict how much oxygen is left is that we do not know the rate of the consumption of oxygen per occupant on the sub," Rear Admiral John Mauger from the Coast Guard told the BBC.
French ROV Deployed Into Atlantic
And another....
The French vessel L'Atalante has just deployed their ROV. #Titanic
— USCGNortheast (@USCGNortheast) June 22, 2023
What Vessels Are Involved in the Operation?
The search for the missing Titan submersible has drawn in the support of multiple vessels.
Some ships involved are carrying ROVs, that are capable of reaching great depths. Next we expect French L'Atalante to send its ROV into the water.
Other vessels now known to be involved in the Titan search are:
- The Horizon Arctic: A Commercial vessel loaded with support equipment and an ROV.
- Deep Energy: A commercial cable-laying ship with two ROV's with the capabilities to operate down 3,000m (10,000 ft)
- Skandi Vinland: A subsea support vessel with two ROVS.
- Atlantic Merlin: an offshore supply vessel with a 4000m winch system and also carries an ROV.
Other vessels on site include:
- Polar Prince: the Research support vessel that launched the Titan.
- John Cabot: A scientific research vessel with sonar search capabilities.
- Ann Harvey: A light icebreaker vessel.
The Glace Bay vessel is currently on standby and is a naval ship carrying a decompression chamber. The Terry Fox, a heavy icebreaker, is currently en route to the situation.
ROV Reaches Sea Floor and Begins Search
As we've been hearing more vessels have been brought into the search today.
One, a free-swimming submersible craft called a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), has now reached the sea floor and begun search for the missing sub, the U.S. Coast Guard has said.
The Canadian vessel Horizon Arctic has deployed an ROV that has reached the sea floor and began its search for the missing sub. #Titanic
— USCGNortheast (@USCGNortheast) June 22, 2023
The French vessel L'Atalante is also preparing an ROV to enter the water, it added.
TikTok Videos Appear To Show Titan and Crew Member Shortly Before Dive
Video has emerged that could show Titan, the missing sub, shortly before it made its decent towards RMS Titanic.
Underwater videographer Abbi Jackson posted the short clip on TikTok on Sunday, the day of the dive. "watching a submarine go down to the Titanic," its video caption read.
Newsweek is working to verify the footage and has contacted Jackson.
An earlier video post by the videographer appeared to show one of the missing Titan crew members, French submersible pilot Paul-Henry Nargeole.
In it, a voice is heard calling "Hey PH," before the man looks up and waves. "This man has seen the Titanic 37 times," the video caption read.
@abbijaxxxon what a legend #titanic #legendsneverdie #explorers
♬ original sound - ABS
Who Is On Board?
The identities of the five individuals on the submersible have been made public.
The five confirmed passengers include Stockton Rush, the 61-year-old CEO of OceanGate, the company behind the dive; French submersible pilot Paul-Henry Nargeolet, aged 77; and billionaire British explorer Hamish Harding.
The other two passengers had their identities confirmed by their families as Pakistani businessman Shahza Dawood, 48, and his son Sulaiman Dawood, 19.
The vessel can carry a maximum of five people: a pilot, a content expert, and three paying passengers. Tickets for an expedition to the Titanic wreckage cost about $250,000.
What Are the Underwater Noises Being Detected?
Several "underwater sounds" have been detected in the search area.
We've learned that Navy acoustic experts are in possession of the recordings and are working on deciphering the source.
Underwater acoustics expert Carl Hartsfield, who is part of the search team, told Wednesday's press conference that the noises could have been made by humans, mammals or ships—and that nothing had been ruled out.
Asked what the noises sounded like, he said: "The noises are very complex in the ocean, you have to be in acoustic analysis and you have to have context. They are trying to put all the pieces together.
"The noises have been described as banging noises, but again they have to put the whole picture together in context and they have to eliminate potential man-made sources other than the Titan."
— USCGNortheast (@USCGNortheast) June 22, 2023Joint search continues for submersible vessel, Titan.
Underwater sounds have been detectedin the search area. These recordings have been shared with the U.S. Navy for analysisto help guide future search efforts.
View full news release below: https://t.co/UXdrMJEIGv#Titanic
Titanic Sub Rescue Gets New Vessel at 11th Hour—'Improved the Odds'
More vessels and equipment have been arriving near the search site today.
And the arrival of a specialist remotely operated vehicle from, British company Magellan, has "improved the odds of a positive outcome," according to Richard Garriott, president of The Explorers Club, who was behind its arrival.
Magellan's ROV, named Juliet, was used in 2022 to scan the Titanic shipwreck, and will add to the search operation which had been using two ROVs.
U.S. Coast Guard red tape had prevented its deployment earlier in the search, Garriott told the National Geographic on Wednesday.
The U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster landed in Jersey, U.K. Thursday morning to collect the ROV, which is owned by the deep-sea mapping company Magellan.
More here.
'The Titanic Started Falling Down on Us'
A diver who journeyed to the Titanic wreckage has been speaking about how the submersible he was in snagged on a piece of the wreckage.
"Huge pieces of the Titanic started falling down on us and I knew we were in trouble," Michael Guillen told Sky News.
"The pressure down there of the water, even if through a little crack, it will cut you like a razor blade," he added. "This is Mother Nature. The ocean is unforgiving."
Guillen also said of the missing Titan submersible: "If it was a communications failure, then you would know for sure that the pilot of that sub would have headed straight up to the surface. The fact he hasn't really concerns me."
Map Plots Coast Guard's Search for Titan
This new image released by the U.S. Coast Guard shows search patterns so far.
There is no scale, but we do know that rescuers are searching an area twice the size of Connecticut and up to two-and-a-half miles deep.
"I think that X shows you where the Titanic is, and it is interesting that the grids aren't centred so the Titanic's not in the middle," Rob Larter at the British Antarctic Survey told BBC News about the map.
The large search area, he added, "suggests that the rescue team has not narrowed down the area as a result of the banging sounds."
Uncommon Knowledge
Newsweek is committed to challenging conventional wisdom and finding connections in the search for common ground.
Newsweek is committed to challenging conventional wisdom and finding connections in the search for common ground.
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